(1) Mathematical Reasoning Students use mathematical reasoning to analyze mathematical situations, make conjectures, gather evidence, and construct an argument.

6 items

A.

use models, facts, and relationships to draw conclusions about mathematics and explain their thinking

13, 23, 39

B.

use patterns and relationships to analyze mathematical situations

C.

justify their answers and solution processes

D.

use logical reasoning to reach simple conclusions

8, 24, 43

(2) Number and Numeration Students use number sense and numeration to develop an understanding of the multiple uses of numbers in the real world, the use of numbers to communicate mathematically, and the use of numbers in the development of mathematical ideas.

11 items

A.

use whole numbers and fractions to identify locations, quantify groups of objects, and measure distances

9, 36

B.

use concrete materials to model numbers and number relationships for whole numbers and common fractions, including decimal fractions

20, 40

C.

relate counting to grouping and to place-value

6, 18, 28

D.

recognize the order of whole numbers and commonly used fractions and decimals

7, 27, 31

E.

demonstrate the concept of percent through problems related to actual situations

4

(3) Operations Students use mathematical operations and relationships among them to understand mathematics.

10 items

A.

add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers

1, 2, 3, 17, 35, 41

B.

develop strategies for selecting the appropriate computational and operational method in problem-solving situations

33, 44

C.

know single digit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division facts

D.

understand the commutative and associative properties

16, 38

(4) Modeling/Multiple Representation Students use mathematical modeling/multiple representation to provide a means of presenting, interpreting, communicating, and connecting mathematical information and relationships.

4 items

A.

use concrete materials to model spatial relationships

B.

construct tables, charts, and graphs to display and analyze real-world data

C.

use multiple representations (simulations, manipulative materials, and diagrams) as tools to explain the operation of everyday procedures

32

D.

use variables such as height, weight, and hand size to predict changes over time

E.

use physical materials, pictures, and diagrams to explain mathematical ideas and processes and to demonstrate geometrical concepts

11, 30, 45

(5) Measurement Students use measurement in both metric and English measure to provide a major link between the abstractions of mathematics and the real world in order to describe and compare objects and data.

6 items

A.

understand that measurement is approximate, never exact

B.

select appropriate standard and nonstandard measurement tools in measurement activities

10

C.

understand the attributes of area, length, capacity, weight, volume, time, temperature, and angle

14

D.

estimate and find measures such as length, perimeter, area, and volume using both standard and nonstandard units

34, 42

E.

collect and display data

37

F.

use statistical methods such as graphs, tables, and charts to interpret data

12

(6) Uncertainty Students use ideas of uncertainty to illustrate that mathematics involves more than exactness when dealing with everyday situations.

5 items

A.

make estimates to compare to actual results of both formal and informal measurement

B.

make estimates to compare to actual results of computations

C.

recognize situations where only an estimate is required

D.

develop a wide variety of estimation skills and strategies

21

E.

determine the reasonableness of results

F.

predict experimental possibilities

19, 46

G.

make predictions using unbiased random samples

H.

determine probabilities of simple events

22, 25

(7) Patterns/Functions Students use patterns and functions to develop mathematical power, appreciate the true beauty of mathematics, and construct generalizations that describe patterns simply and efficiently.

6 items

A.

recognize, describe, extend, and create a wide variety of patterns

5, 15

B.

represent and describe mathematical relationships

48

C.

explore and express relationships using variables and open sentences

29

D.

solve for an unknown using manipulative materials

E.

use a variety of manipulative materials and technologies to explore patterns

F.

interpret graphs

G.

explore and develop relationships among two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes

26, 47

H.

discover patterns in nature, art, music, and literature